Feline calicivirus (FCV) is a highly contagious virus that is one of the major causes of upper respiratory infections (URIs) or cat flu in cats. This virus is ubiquitous and causes disease in cats all over the world. See also Upper respiratory infections (URIs, Cat flu) in cats. Feline Herpesvirus (causative agent of Feline Infectious Rhinotracheitis) & Feline Calicivirus (causative agent of Feline Influenza) are two of the three feline respiratory infections against which the feline 3-in-1 vaccine protects. The clinical signs of these diseases may include runny eyes, runny.

(MVM) covers all domesticated species and diseases in veterinary medicine worldwide. This completely revised and redesigned new edition of the veterinary classic uses a two-column format and color throughout for easy-to-read text and tables. Hundreds of color images enhance and illustrate the text.

In addition to extensive revisions and updates, this edition includes a new section on public health and zoonoses, expanded coverage of fish and aquaculture, new chapters on backyard poultry, toxicologic workplace hazards, smoke inhalation, and additional coverage of numerous new and emerging topics in veterinary medicine. The Merck Veterinary Manual is the most comprehensive, reliable reference for veterinary professionals. Trusted for more than 50 years, this reference now features hundreds of full-color images, including illustrations, photomicrographs, and radiographic, ultrasonographic, and endoscopic images. In addition, all 3,000 pages have been updated to reflect the latest advances in veterinary medicine.

This new edition offers comprehensive coverage of exotic and laboratory animals and an extensively revised zoonoses reference table. The section on behavior has been thoroughly revised, and includes the most current information on diagnosing and treating behavioral disorders in dogs, cats, and other domestic animals. Updated Content: •. Interesting Facts from the Ten New Chapters 1.

African Hedgehogs: African Hedgehogs can live up to 8 years. Biology of the Immune System: Immune cells signal each other by means of small proteins called cytokines.

Several hundred different types have been identified. Cloning of Domestic Animals: The most common tissue used for cloning from adult animals is subcutaneous connective tissue. Complementary and Alternative Veterinary Medicine: Because of the lack of manufacturing standards, quality control, and known effects in animals, herbal medicines probably present a greater risk of adverse effects and interactions than other types of complementary and alternative therapies. Disorders of Potassium Metabolism: Potassium homeostasis in ruminants is determined by the balance between absorption in the GI tract and excretion in saliva. Equine Metabolic Syndrome: Hyperinsulinemia with normal blood glucose concentrations (insulin resistance) is the primary clinical finding in equine metabolic syndrome.

Poisonous Mushrooms: The period between ingestion and appearance of clinical signs often indicates the prognosis in cases of mushroom poisoning. If the latency is less than 3 hours, the signs are typically self-limiting and not life-threatening. Porcine Circovirus Diseases: Porcine multisystemic wasting syndrome has been reported worldwide and has also been identified in wild boar. Pseudopregnancy in Goats: The fertility of does treated for pseudopregnancy appears to be normal, so culling affected goats is generally not indicated. Seminal Vesiculitis in Bulls: Vesiculitis in bulls is most often caused by bacteria and is most commonly identified in yearling bulls.

This article is available in full to registered subscribers to purchase a 30 day trial, or Clinical Effects Epidemiology Habitat • Stratified squamous epithelial cells of the tongue, pharynx, tonsil and nostril. Transmission • Usually direct, cat to cat. • Aerosol, only up to a few feet (1 m). Download game bolatangkas offline. • Indirect transmission may occur via fomites eg feedbowls, utensils, bedding or via personnel. Pathological effects • Antigenic variation occurs such that neutralizing antibodies to one strain may not neutralize all other strains.

• Vaccine strains are chosen as they are broadly cross-reactive and will neutralize a high percentage of strains. • Causes milder cat flu than feline herpes virus. • Lingual and oral ulceration. • Serous ocular, nasal discharge; sneezing.

• Gingivitis - present in most cats with chronic stomatitis. • Rarely fatal, only occasionally in young kittens. Some strains are pneumotropic - cause severe interstitial pneumonia - can be rapidly fatal. • Transient febrile limping - may be due to formation of immune complexes affecting the synovial tissues; in most cases spontaneously resolves within 24-48 hours. Other Host Effects • Continuous virus shedding occurs in carrier animals.

• Carrier animals are classified as cats who shed virus for 30 days or more post-infection; carrier cats usually 'self-cure' several months after infection but some persist lifelong. FIV positive cats are more likely to become persistent carriers. • Some cats can eliminate the virus but become reinfected with either a different strain of FCV, or a variant of the same strain. • It is therefore thought that some cats undergo cyclical re-infection, particularly in large groups of cats, where the prevalence is relatively high. Control Control via chemotherapies • No anti-viral drugs in use.